Swishahouse under influence free download

Weed infestation in DSR systems is usually higher than the puddled transplanted rice; because of this, there is no size advantage of rice plants at the time of emergence, which is usually present in transplanted systems [2,14].

A DSR field remains mostly aerobic as opposed to the continuous standing water in puddled and transplanted rice, another important reason why weed grows more in DSR systems [15]. Weed man- agement currently is almost herbicide-dependent and sequential application of pre-and post-emergence herbicides [16] or tank mixtures of different post-emergence herbicides [17] was found effective in controlling weed in DSR systems.

However, weed management currently is not cost-effective without herbicides and injudicious use of herbicides may ad- versely affect the environment and help to develop resistant weed biotypes [18]. Competitive rice cultivar CV is a component of integrated weed management IWM and an attractive option to suppress weed growth where there is no need to incur any additional costs [20]. Competitive CV suppresses weeds by its quick canopy coverage or CV may be more capable of reducing the ability of a weed species through competition for limited resources, or cultivars may produce chemical exudates that reduce the growth of weeds [21].

Although rice is generally a weak competitor against weeds, the identification of superior weed competitive rice cultivars could play an important role in reducing herbicide load in the agro-ecosystem by reducing its use and enhancing the performance of herbicides [22—24]. Seed rate SR is an important factor in DSR crop establishment which determines the adequate plant population for optimum yield.

In the DSR system, low plant population and high gaps encourage the growth of weeds [15]. On the other hand, high plant density produces less productive tillers, greater chance of disease and insect infestation, increases crop lodging, and requires higher nitrogen application [4]. High SR is encouraging in DSR system for compensating for poor crop establishment in where weed problem is higher, the chance of bird and rodent damage, and seed rotting due to too much rain shortly after sowing, or seedling death due to submergence [25—27].

Therefore, there will likely be an interaction between cultivar choice and seed rate on the yield of rice, especially in dry- seeded conditions.

A few similar types of studies were conducted in SA, Southeast Asian countries [19,22,28], and in Bangladesh to evaluate the weed competitiveness of boro rice cultivars [29,30]; however, no single work so far in aus rice in DSR conditions.

The objectives of the current study are to evaluate the yield performance and weed competitiveness of aus rice cultivars including hybrid and inbred at different SR and weeding regimes in dry direct-seeded systems.

Materials and Methods 2. Experimental Site The field trial was established during the pre-monsoon season called aus rice Oryza sativa L. The trial site was located in the High Ganges River Floodplain under the agro-ecological zone AEZ 11 , which is relatively high and medium high land. The cropping system in the area is extremely diverse and intensive with a range of rabi crops such as wheat Triticum aestivum L.

The aman rice is the only option in monsoon season; however, during the early monsoon season, farmers usually practice either jute Corchorus capsularis or aus rice. The experimental field had been following a wheat-mungbean Vigna radiata L. The experimental design was a split-plot in a randomized complete block arrangement with three replications.

The main plots were arranged with two weeding regimes and sub-plots were arranged with four rice cultivars and three seed rates. The main plot was separated with a buffer space of 0. In partially weedy treatment, one manual weeding was done at 30 DAS. Before and after this weeding, the plots were kept in competition with weeds.

We considered partially weedy instead of full weedy because in dry direct-seeding conditions there is a chance of complete yield loss due to weed competition. The three inbred rice cultivars, i. Crop Management The experiment field was dry cultivated using a power tiller operated seeder PTOS machine 2 passes which provided a friable seed bed. Dry seeds were sown manually with a row spacing of 20 cm in shallow furrows made by a hand-drawn single tyne furrower.

The seeds were weighed separately according to the respective seed rate and for each line to facilitate desirable plant population in each treatment.

The seeds were sown on 15 April at a depth of around 2 cm and then covered using loose soil. Fertilizer was applied at the rate of Immediately after sowing the field was lightly irrigated, and succeeding irrigations were arranged based on a soil water tension threshold 15 kPa at 15 cm soil depth which was found to be the safe threshold for rice [31]. Once seedling was established, for irrigation at each time water, was added to the plots until the depth of water on the soil surface reached around 5 cm 40—50 mm water.

To determine the weed competitiveness, weed density and biomass were measured at 30 and 60 DAS. Two quadrats measuring 40 cm by 40 cm were placed randomly in each plot during every sampling time; then weeds were collected from each quadrat. Collected weeds were clustered by a group of grasses, broadleaf, and sedges.

During weed sampling on the same date and the same quadrats , all rice plants were also cut from the base of soil and the number of rice tillers and rice dry biomass were determined. The crop was harvested at physiological maturity stage and grain yield was deter- mined by harvesting a 2. Immediately after harvesting, grains were mechanically threshed and cleaned well and then fresh grain weight was determined.

At the time of weighing a grain moisture meter GMKRS was used for grain moisture content determination. Immediately before harvest, the number of panicles was counted from five randomly placed 1 m row lengths in each sub-plot.

The number of florets per panicle unfilled and filled was counted from 20 randomly selected panicles per sub-plot. Floret fertility was calculated as the percentage of filled grains to the total number of florets per panicle. Weed Competitive Index 2. Weed Competitive Index The weed competitive index WCI was calculated to find the most weed competitive The weed cultivar using competitive the following index WCI formula was calculated to find the most weed competitive [32].

Gyi Gym is theisyield of individual the mean yield of cultivar across all cultivars seedseed across rate rate in terms of weed in terms infestation. Wbi is the weed biomass of individual cultivar across seed rate, and WBm is the infestation. Wbi isweed mean the weed biomassbiomass of individual of all cultivars acrosscultivar across seed rate.

In the partial weedy plot, the weed biomass biomass was measured two times—once before an hand weeding HW and once at an- was measured two times—once before an hand weeding HW and once at anthesis. To thesis. To calculate WCI, the sum of the total biomass of the two samplings was used. Rainfall Rainfalland andTemperature Temperature Daily Dailyweather weatherdata datasuch such as as rainfall and minimum rainfall and minimumand andmaximum maximumtemperatures temperaturesduring dur- ing the trial period were recorded from the weather station at the Regional the trial period were recorded from the weather station at the Regional AgriculturalAgricultural Research ResearchStation, Station,Bangladesh BangladeshAgricultural AgriculturalResearch ResearchInstitute, Institute,Jashore, Jashore,about about mmfrom from the trial field Figure 1.

Figure 1. Temperatures, solar radiation, and rainfall during the trial period. Statistical Analysis 2. Weedfor normality data were notand homogeneity normally of variance distributed, before therefore, analyzing Box—Cox trans- variance ANOVA. The rice plantand transformed stand, rice densityweed data were and biomass, analyzed weed den- using a statistical software JMP 13 SAS Institute, San Francisco, CA, sity and biomass, yield and yield components, and transformed weed data were analyzedUSA.

Tukey's hon- the differences between estly the treatment significant means. Weeds biomass weresoftware using absent in the weed-free SigmaPlot plots,Software, Sustainability , 13, 6 of 15 3. Results 3. Table 1. Effect of weeding regimes, rice cultivars, and seeding rates on rice plant stand establishment, rice tiller density, and biomass dry weight basis in dry direct-seeded aus rice. Sustainability , 13, 7 of 15 3. Table 2. Effect of rice cultivars and seeding rates on weed density and biomass dry weight basis at 30 days after sowing in dry direct-seeded aus rice.

Weed Density no. Table 3. Effect of rice cultivars and seeding rates on weed density and biomass dry weight basis at 60 days after sowing in dry direct-seeded aus rice.

Figure 2. Across rice cultivars and seeding rates, the relationship between weed biomass and rice Figure 2. Across biomass rice cultivars at 30 and and sowing 60 days after seedingin rates, the relationship dry direct-seeded ausbetween rice.

Across CV 0. Across was partially CV and weedy SR, flowering compared was with the delayed by weed-free around treatment. DAS indicates days after sowing. Considered with the SR, the highest SR always had higher panicle density.

Figure Figure 3. Rice Rice panicles panicles as influenced as influenced by theofinteraction by the interaction seed rate andof seed regimes weeding rate and weeding regimes in dry in dry direct-seeded aus rice. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean. Rice panicles as influenced by the interaction of seed rate and weeding regimes in dry direct-seeded aus rice. However, Figure under partial-weedy 4. Figure 4. Rice florets as influenced by the interaction of seed rate and weeding regimes a , and interaction of cultivars and Figure b weeding regimes 4.

Rice florets in dry as influenced direct-seeded by the aus rice. Vertical bars indi- cate the standard error of the Rice mean. Southwest u little fat pussy ole muther fucker.. Fuck What You Said.. Ron C done passed him up allready, every since I45 and Parking Lot Pimpin about 10 years ago, Ron C chopped up most of the old Swisha House classics, he just fucked up by saying "hold up watts" on them so people thought it was watts and not O.

Ron C doing the mixing. Hey Shit head if you wanna keep downloading mixtapes off of here then your gonna have to Cooprate what i say, Ima Moderator dont make me delete your account, Matter fact take yo musket head ass back to Datpiff.

You one funny nigga sometimes i cant believe how one man can be so fucked in the head. Your a moderator now i see more like the site clown lmfao. You one fucked up schizophrenic fool nigga. Playa — Bumbeno ft. Big Pokey Related This entry was posted on August 26, at am and is filed under Mixtape. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.

You can leave a response , or trackback from your own site. You are commenting using your WordPress. You are commenting using your Google account. You are commenting using your Twitter account. You are commenting using your Facebook account.

Notify me of new comments via email. Notify me of new posts via email. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.